Class: Antineoplastic Agents
VA Class: AN100
CAS Number: 55-98-1
Brands: Busulfex, Myleran
- Hematologic Toxicity
Highly toxic drug with a low therapeutic index.a 129 131
Possible severe bone marrow hypoplasia; discontinue therapy temporarily or reduce dosage at the first sign of abnormal bone marrow depression.129 In some cases, bone marrow examination may be necessary in addition to blood counts.129
- Experience of Supervising Clinician
Use under constant supervision of a qualified clinician experienced in therapy with antineoplastic agents.129 131
Clinicians supervising the administration of IV busulfan also should be experienced in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and in the management of patients with severe pancytopenia.131
Introduction
Antineoplastic agent; bifunctional alkylating agent.129 131
Uses for Busulfan
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Used IV in combination with cyclophosphamide: as a conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) (designated an orphan drug by US FDA for this use).130 131
Also administered orally† as a component of a conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic transplantation.131 132 133 134 135
Rarely, used as an alternative agent for palliative treatment of CML.103 129 129 Not curative, but approximately 90% of patients in the chronic phase of CML treated with the drug obtain remissions.109 111 129
Pretransplant Regimens
Component of pretransplant conditioning regimens in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia and nonmalignant diseases (e.g., sickle cell disease)†.102 138 139
Busulfan Dosage and Administration
General
Consult specialized references for procedures for proper handling and disposal of antineoplastics.129 131
Individualize oral dosage carefully according to clinical and hematologic response and tolerance of the patient in order to obtain optimum therapeutic results with minimum adverse effects.a
Prophylactic administration of phenytoin is recommended in all patients receiving IV busulfan; also may be considered in patients receiving oral busulfan.129 131 (See Nervous System Effects under Cautions.)
All patients should should receive antiemetics prior to the first dose of IV busulfan and on a fixed schedule throughout therapy.131 (See GI Effects under Cautions.)
Blood Sample Collection for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Pediatric Patients
Base AUC calculations on blood samples collected at specified time points; record actual sampling times.131
Following the initial dose of IV busulfan, collect blood samples at 2 hours (the end of the infusion), 4 hours, and 6 hours (immediately prior to the next scheduled dose).131 For doses other than the first dose, collect blood samples prior to the infusion (baseline), and then at 2 hours (the end of the infusion), 4 hours, and 6 hours (immediately prior to the next scheduled dose).131 Calculations based on fewer samples than specified may result in inaccurate AUC determinations.131
Collect blood samples from a peripheral IV line to avoid contamination with the infusing drug solution.131 If blood sample is taken directly from the existing central venous catheter, do not collect sample while the drug is infusing to ensure that the end of the infusion sample is not contaminated with any residual drug.131 Collect blood samples from a different port than that used for the busulfan infusion.131
Use an administration set with minimal residual hold-up (priming) volume (1–3 mL) to ensure accurate delivery of the entire prescribed dose and to ensure accurate collection of blood samples.131 Discard the administration tubing at the end of the 2-hour infusion.131
Prime the administration set tubing with drug solution to allow accurate documentation of the start time of the infusion.131 Disconnect the administration tubing at the end of the infusion (2 hours) and flush the central venous catheter line with 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride prior to collection of the blood sample from the central venous catheter port.131 Do not include the time required to flush the indwelling catheter line when recording the busulfan infusion stop time.131
Perform collection of the blood samples by collecting 1–3 mL of blood into heparinized (Na or Li heparin) Vacutainer tubes.131 Place the blood samples on wet ice immediately after collection and centrifuge (at 4°C) within 1 hour.131 Harvest the plasma into appropriate cryovial storage tubes and immediately freeze at -20°C.131 Send all plasma samples in a frozen state (i.e., on dry ice) to the assay laboratory for the determination of plasma busulfan concentrations.131
Administration
Administer orally or by IV infusion.129 131
Oral Administration
Administer orally.129
IV Administration
Administer by IV infusion.131
Rapid infusion has not been evaluated and is not recommended.131
Commercially available concentrate for injection must be diluted prior to IV infusion.131
Use an administration set with minimal residual hold-up volume (2–5 mL) to administer the drug.131 Flush the catheter line with about 5 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose injection before and after each infusion.131
Dilution
Must dilute concentrate for injection in 0.9% sodium chloride injection or 5% dextrose injection with approximately 10 times the volume of the calculated dose to achieve a final concentration of approximately 0.5 mg/mL.131
Withdraw the calculated volume using the 5-mcm nylon filter provided with each ampul.131 If using the provided syringe filter in the forward flow direction, the calculated volume of solution should allow for approximately 0.16 mL of residual that will remain in the filter.131
Use of filters other than the specific type of filter provided is not recommended.131 Polycarbonate syringes or polycarbonate filter needles should not be used for the preparation or administration of busulfan solutions.131
A new needle should be used to inject the drug into an IV bag (or large-volume syringe) that contains the calculated volume of diluent; according to the manufacturer, the busulfan always must be added to the diluent rather than the diluent being added to the drug.131
Invert the diluted infusion several times to ensure thorough mixing.131
Rate of Administration
Administer diluted IV solutions via a central venous catheter over 2 hours using a controlled-infusion device (e.g., pump).131
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
IV
Children weighing ≤12 kg: Initially, 1.1 mg/kg.131
Children weighing >12 kg: Initially, 0.8 mg/kg.131
Dosage should be based on actual body weight.131
Therapeutic drug monitoring and dosage adjustment following the first dose is recommended.131 (See Blood Sample Collection for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Pediatric Patients under Dosage and Administration and see Dosage Adjustment Based on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring under Dosage and Administration.)
Dosage Adjustment Based on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
IV
Calculate AUC following the initial dose using the following equation.131 Estimate AUC0–6hr using the linear trapezoidal rule.131 AUCextrapolated is the ratio of the busulfan concentration at hour 6 and the terminal elimination rate constant, λz.131 Calculate the terminal elimination rate constant from the terminal elimination phase of the busulfan concentration versus time curve.131 Assume a pre-dose busulfan concentration of zero to calculate the AUC.131
busulfan AUC∞ for dose 1 = AUC0–6hr + AUCextrapolated
When AUC for dose 1 has been calculated, use the following formula for the adjustment of subsequent doses to achieve the target busulfan AUC of 1125 mcM•minute:131
adjusted dose (mg) = actual dose (mg) × target AUC (mcM•minute) / actual AUC (mcM•minute)
To determine AUC following subsequent doses, estimate steady-state busulfan AUC (AUC0–6hr) from the trough, 2 hour, 4 hour, and 6 hour concentrations using the linear trapezoidal rule.131
Remission Induction
Oral
Approximately 0.06 mg/kg or 1.8 mg/m2 daily.129
Some clinicians recommend dosages of 0.06–0.12 mg/kg daily or alternatively, 1.8–4.6 mg/m2 daily because of the higher clearance of the drug observed in children.140 a (See Elimination: Special Populations under Pharmacokinetics.)
Titrate dosage to maintain a leukocyte count of about 20,000/mm3.a
Adults
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
IV
0.8 mg/kg of ideal body weight or actual body weight (whichever is lower) every 6 hours for 4 consecutive days (for a total of 16 doses) prior to allogeneic transplantation.131 In obese patients, base dosage on adjusted ideal body weight (ideal body weight plus 0.25 times the difference between actual weight and ideal body weight).131 When available, monitor the busulfan AUC to optimize dosage adjustment.131
Oral
†4 mg/kg daily for 4 days prior to allogeneic transplantation.131
Remission Induction
Oral
Approximately 0.06 mg/kg or 1.8 mg/m2 daily;129 however, some clinicians recommend dosages of 0.065–0.1 mg/kg daily.a Usually, 4–8 mg daily;129 but dosages ranging from 1–12 mg daily also used.a
Although many clinicians use maintenance doses, others believe toxicities occur less frequently with intermittent therapy and maintenance dosage should be reserved for patients who cannot sustain a remission without the drug.a
When remission is not sustained for >3 months, maintenance therapy of 1–3 mg daily may be advisable to prevent rapid relapses.129 Other suggested maintenance dosages range from 2 mg/week to 4 mg/day.a
Dosages >4 mg daily are especially likely to reduce the leukocyte count rapidly; use only in patients with severely symptomatic disease, since higher dosages increase the risk of inducing bone marrow aplasia.129
Reduction in leukocyte count is not usually seen during the first 10–15 days of therapy; the leukocyte count may actually increase during this period and should not be interpreted as resistance to the drug nor should the dosage be increased.129
Since the leukocyte count may continue to fall for more than 1 month after discontinuing the drug, discontinue therapy before the leukocyte count falls to normal levels.129 Discontinue when the leukocyte count has decreased to approximately 15,000/mm3.129 Some authorities believe dosage should be continued until the leukocyte count falls below 10,000/mm3, while others prefer to discontinue the drug when leukocyte count reaches 15,000 to 25,000/mm3; still others propose decreasing dosage in proportion to the decrease in leukocyte count.a
During remissions induced by intermittent treatment regimens, examine the patient at monthly intervals and resume busulfan therapy when the leukocyte count reaches 50,000/mm3.129
Special Populations
Geriatric Patients
Select dosage with caution because of age-related decreases in hepatic, renal, and/or cardiac function and potential for concomitant disease and drug therapy.131 Titrate dosage carefully, usually initiating therapy at the low end of the dosing range.129 (See Geriatric Use under Cautions.)
Cautions for Busulfan
Contraindications
Patients with CML whose disease was resistant to prior therapy with the drug.129
Patients in whom a definitive diagnosis of CML has not been firmly established.129
Known hypersensitivity to busulfan or any ingredient in the formulation.129 131
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Nervous System Effects
Possible dizziness,106 blurred vision,106 loss of consciousness,106 intermittent muscle twitching,106 myoclonic seizures,107 and generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.106 107 112 117 119 120 121
Seizures106 107 116 117 118 119 120 121 129 reported in patients receiving high-dose oral busulfan (resulting in plasma concentrations similar to those achieved with the recommended dose of IV busulfan)129 131 and in a patient receiving IV busulfan, despite the use of prophylactic phenytoin therapy.131 Initiate prophylactic anticonvulsant therapy in all patients receiving IV busulfan; also consider in patients receiving oral busulfan, especially thoses with a history of seizures or head trauma or those receiving other potentially epileptogenic drugs.129 131 Administer with caution in patients with a history of seizures or head trauma or those receiving other potentially epileptogenic drugs.129
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
May cause fetal harm; fetal malformation early in pregnancy, bone marrow depression late in gestation, fetal growth retardation, and fetal deaths have been reported in pregnant women.a
If used during pregnancy or patient becomes pregnant, apprise of potential fetal hazard.129 131
Fertility
Ovarian suppression and amenorrhea with menopausal symptoms commonly occur during long-term therapy in premenopausal women.129 131 Ovarian fibrosis and atrophy and failure to achieve puberty have also occurred.129
Impotence, sterility, azoospermia, and testicular atrophy have been reported in men.62 129 131
Major Toxicities
Hematologic Effects
Risk of myelosuppression (manifested as leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and/or anemia);129 usually dose related and reversible after discontinuance of the drug.131
Profound myelosuppression occurs universally in patients receiving IV busulfan at the recommended dose as part of a preparatory regimen prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant.131 Monitor daily CBCs, including leukocyte cell differentials, and platelet counts during therapy and until recovery occurs.131 Administer anti-infective therapy and platelet and red blood cell transfusions when needed.131
Risk of pancytopenia in patients receiving oral busulfan; may be more prolonged than that induced by other alkylating agents.129 Generally occurs with failure to adequately monitor hematologic status; discontinue the drug promptly in response to a large or rapid decrease in leukocyte or platelet counts.129 Toxicity is potentially reversible; support patients vigorously through any period of severe pancytopenia.76 129 Recovery may take 1 month to 2 years.76 129
Possible bone marrow fibrosis or chronic aplasia.a
Rarely, aplastic anemia, sometimes irreversible, reported in patients receiving oral busulfan; aplastic anemia usually has occurred following high doses of the drug or long-term administration of conventional doses.129
Some patients may be especially sensitive to busulfan and experience abrupt onset of neutropenia or thrombocytopenia; however, individual variation in response to the drug does not appear to be an important contributing factor.129
Hepatic Effects
Risk of life-threatening hepatic veno-occlusive disease in patients receiving busulfan (usually in combination with cyclophosphamide or other antineoplastic agents as a component of marrow-ablative therapy prior to bone marrow transplantation).112 113 114 115 129
Possible risk factors for the development of hepatic veno-occlusive disease include a total dose >16 mg/kg based on ideal body weight and concurrent use of multiple alkylating agents.129 Incidence may be reduced in patients receiving high-dose oral busulfan and cyclophosphamide when the first dose of cyclophosphamide is delayed for >24 hours following the last dose of busulfan.129 Risk may be increased in patients who have received prior radiation therapy, 3 or more cycles of chemotherapy, or a prior progenitor cell transplant;131 a busulfan AUC of ≥1500 mcM•minute may increase risk in patients receiving IV busulfan.131
Evaluate serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and aminotransferase concentrations periodically during oral therapy (and daily through bone marrow transplant day +28 in patients receiving IV busulfan) so that possible hepatotoxicity can be detected early.129 131
Possible hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, and hepatomegaly.129 131 Increases in serum ALT and alkaline phosphatase concentrations reported.131
Cholestatic jaundice, centrilobular sinusoidal fibrosis, and hepatocellular atrophy or necrosis reported in patients receiving oral busulfan.129
Cardiac Effects
Cardiac tamponade, often fatal, reported in a small number of pediatric patients with thalassemia who received oral busulfan and cyclophosphamide as the preparatory regimen for bone marrow transplantation;129 131 usually preceded by abdominal pain and vomiting.129 131 Cardiac tamponade not reported in patients receiving IV busulfan.131 Administer concomitant therapy with caution in the treatment of patients with thalassemia.129
Pulmonary Effects
“Busulfan lung” occurs rarely and usually only after long-term therapy; sometimes fatal.129 131 Onset of symptoms averages 4 years following initiation of therapy (range: 4 months to 10 years);129 131 is manifested by bronchopulmonary dysplasia with a diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and is characterized by persistent cough, fever, rales, and dyspnea.129 Histologically, syndrome mimics findings associated with pulmonary irradiation.129 Pulmonary function studies have shown diminished diffusion capacity and decreased pulmonary compliance.129
Diagnosis of “busulfan lung” may be confounded by the presence of common underlying conditions (e.g., opportunistic infections, pulmonary leukemic infiltrates).129 Lung biopsy may be necessary to establish diagnosis if diagnostic measures (e.g., sputum cultures, virologic studies, exfoliative cytology) fail to establish the etiology of pulmonary infiltrate.129
“Busulfan lung” may be relieved by discontinuance of the drug and administration of corticosteroids.129 However, the syndrome usually progresses to respiratory insufficiency despite the discontinuance; death usually occurs within 6 months of diagnosis.129
General Precautions
Adequate Patient Evaluation and Monitoring
Highly toxic drug with a low therapeutic index; therapeutic response is not likely to occur without some evidence of toxicity.a Administer only under constant supervision by clinicians experienced in therapy with cytotoxic agents;a IV busulfan should be administered by clinicians experienced in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the management of patients with severe pancytopenia.131
Monitor hematologic status carefully.129 Perform blood counts (hemoglobin or hematocrit, leukocyte and differential counts, and quantitative platelet count) at least once a week during oral therapy; bone marrow examination may also be necessary.129 Discontinue temporarily or reduce dosage at the first sign of abnormal bone marrow depression.129
Base decision to adjust dosage and/or continue therapy on the rapidity of hematologic changes as well as on absolute hematologic values.129
Use only when facilities for performing CBCs, including quantitative platelet counts, at weekly (or more frequent) intervals are available.129
Use with extreme caution and particular vigilance in patients whose bone marrow reserve may have been compromised by other myelosuppressive drugs or radiation therapy, or whose marrow function is recovering from previous cytotoxic therapy.129 Reduction of dosage may be necessary with concomitant adminstration of other myelosuppressive agents.129 (See Myelosuppresive Agents under Drug Interactions)
Secondary Malignancies
Increased risk of a secondary malignancies associated with use;129 131 malignant tumors and acute leukemias reported.129
Metabolic Effects
Hyperglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia occur frequently in patients receiving IV busulfan.131
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category D.129 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
Lactation
Not known whether busulfan is distributed into milk.129 131 Discontinue nursing or the drug.129 131
Pediatric Use
Efficacy of IV busulfan not established for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in children.131
Limited experience in children (5 months to 16 years) receiving the drug as part of a conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for various malignant hematologic or non-malignant diseases.131
Cardiac tamponade, often fatal, reported in a small number of pediatric patients with thalassemia who received oral busulfan and cyclophosphamide as the preparatory regimen for bone marrow transplantation.129 131 (See Cardiac Effects under Cautions.)
Poor response to oral busulfan reported in patients with the “juvenile” type of CML, which typically occurs in young children and is characterized by the absence of a Philadelphia chromosome.129
Geriatric Use
Insufficient experience in patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether geriatric patients respond differently than younger adults.131 However, in a clinical trial of 61 patients, all patients, including 6 patients >55 years of age (range: 57–64), achieved myeloablation and engraftment using IV busulfan as part of a conditioning regimen prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.131
Hepatic Impairment
Not studied in patients with hepatic impairment.131
Renal Impairment
Not studied in patients with renal impairment.131
Common Adverse Effects
With oral therapy, myelosupression, hyperpigmentation.129 131 131 With IV therapy, myelosupression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, stomatitis, fever, asthenia, insomnia, anxiety, headache, edema, rash.131
Interactions for Busulfan
Specific Drugs
Drug
|
Interaction
|
Comments
|
|---|
Acetaminophen
|
Concomitant use or use within 72 hours prior to busulfan therapy may decrease busulfan clearance by reducing glutathione concentrations in the blood and tissues131
|
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
Potential reduced clearance of busulfan, presumably due to competition for glutathione129
|
Reduced incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease and other toxicities observed in patients receiving high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide when the first dose of cyclophosphamide was delayed for >24 hours following the last dose of busulfan129 (See Hepatic Effects under Cautions.)
|
Cytotoxic agents
|
Possible additive pulmonary toxicity129
|
|
Diazepam
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely129
|
|
Fluconazole
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely129
|
|
Itraconazole
|
Possible decreased busulfan clearance;129 131 may result in a busulfan AUC >1500 mcM•minute and increase risk of hepatic veno-occlusive disease131
|
Monitor carefully for busulfan toxicity129
|
Myelosuppressive agents
|
Possible additive myelosuppression129
|
Reduced dosage may be necessary with concomitant adminstration129
|
Phenytoin
|
Possible increased clearance of busulfan and cyclophosphamide; may lead to decreased serum concentrations of both drugs129
|
Because the patients included in pharmacokinetic evaluations of IV busulfan received phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis, administration of the recommended dose of IV busulfan without concomitant phenytoin therapy may result in greater exposure to the drug131
|
Thioguanine
|
Possible hepatotoxicity (elevations of hepatic enzyme concentrations and nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver), esophageal varices, and portal hypertension in some patients receiving long-term concomitant therapy110 122 129
|
Use caution during long-term concomitant therapy129
|
Busulfan Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Rapidly and probably completely absorbed from the GI tract, with peak plasma concentration usually attained in about 0.9 hours.129
Special Populations
Mean bioavailability is lower in children than in adults.129 140
Distribution
Extent
Crosses the blood-brain barrier;129 concentrations in the CSF are approximately equal to concurrent plasma concentrations.131
Not known whether distributed into milk.129 131
Plasma Protein Binding
Approximately 32%; irreversibly binds to plasma proteins (mainly albumin).129 131
Elimination
Metabolism
Extensively metabolized in the liver mainly by glutathione conjugation (spontaneous and glutathione S-transferase-mediated) to inactive metabolites.129 131 Glutathione conjugate is further metabolized by oxidation.131
Elimination Route
Rapidly eliminated from the plasma and slowly excreted in urine, as metabolites.129 131 About 30–60% of a dose is excreted within 48 hours;129 131 <2% of a dose is excreted unchanged within 48 hours.129 Negligible amounts excreted in the feces.131
Half Life
Adults: 2.6 hours following oral administration.129
Special Populations
Clearance is higher in children than in adults.131
In patients with renal impairment, apparent oral clearance was increased by 65% following 4 hours of hemodialysis; however, the mean 24-hour oral clearance was increased by only 11%.129
Stability
Storage
Oral
Tablets
25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).129 Store in a dry place.129
Parenteral
Injection
2–8°C.131
Compatibility
For information on systemic interactions resulting from concomitant use, see Interactions.
Parenteral
Solution Compatibilityd
Incompatible
|
|---|
Dextrose 5% in water
|
Sodium chloride 0.9%
|
ActionsActions
Interferes with DNA replication and transcription of RNA and ultimately results in the disruption of nucleic acid function.a
Contains 2 labile methanesulfonate groups attached to opposite ends of a 4-carbon alkyl chain; in aqueous media, busulfan is hydrolyzed, releasing the methanesulfonate groups and producing reactive carbonium ions capable of alkylating DNA.131
Cytotoxic activity largely results from damage to DNA.131
Exhibits little immunosuppressive activity.a
Advice to Patients
Importance of informing patients that diffuse pulmonary fibrosis is an infrequent but serious and potentially life-threatening complication of long-term therapy with the drug.129 Instruct patients to report any difficulty in breathing or persistent cough or congestion.129 If interstitial pulmonary fibrosis occurs during busulfan therapy, discontinue the drug immediately.129
Importance of notifying clinician if fever, sore throat, unusual bleeding or bruising, or symptoms suggestive of anemia occur.129
Importance of close medical supervision in patients receiving busulfan.129
Importance of patients reporting any signs of abrupt weakness, unusual fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and melanoderma that could be associated with a wasting or Addison-like syndrome.129
Risk of other adverse effects including infertility, amenorrhea, skin hyperpigmentation, hypersensitivity, dryness of the mucous membranes, and, rarely, cataract formation.129
Importance of informing patients of the increased risk of a secondary malignancy associated with use of the drug.129 131
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs, as well as any concomitant illnesses.129 131
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed; necessity for clinicans to advise women to avoid pregnancy during therapy; advise pregnant women of risk to the fetus.129 131
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.129 131 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Busulfan
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Oral
|
Tablets, film-coated
|
2 mg
|
Myleran
|
GlaxoSmithKline
|
Parenteral
|
For injection concentrate, for IV infusion only
|
6 mg/mL (60 mg)
|
Busulfex (with dimethylacetamide 33% v/v and polyethylene glycol 67% v/v)
|
ESP Pharma
|
Comparative Pricing
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 03/2011. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Myleran 2MG Tablets (GLAXO SMITH KLINE): 60/$229.99 or 180/$674.96
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions August 2005. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
Only references cited for selected revisions after 1984 are available electronically.
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111. Hehlmann R, Heimpel H, Hasford J et al. Randomized comparison of interferon-alpha with busulfan and hydroxyurea in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The German CML Study Group. Blood. 1994; 84:4064-77. [IDIS 340218] [PubMed 7994025]
112. Hartmann O, Benhamou E, Beaujean F et al. High-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide with autologous bone marrow transplantation support in advanced malignancies in children: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 1986; 4:1804-10. [PubMed 3537217]
113. Copelan EA, Grever MR, Kapoor N et al. Marrow transplantation following busulfan and cyclophosphamide for chronic myelogenous leukaemia in accelerated or blastic phase. Br J Haematol. 1989; 71:487-91. [PubMed 2653406]
114. Geller RB, Saral R, Piantadosi S et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1989; 73:2209-18. [IDIS 255960] [PubMed 2659102]
115. Vassal G, Hartmann O, Benhamou E et al. Busulfan and veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:881. [IDIS 266659] [PubMed 2344115]
116. Beelen DW, Quabeck K, Graeven U et al. Acute toxicity and first clinical results of intensive postinduction therapy using a modified busulfan and cyclophosphamide regimen with autologous bone marrow rescue in first remission of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 1989; 74:1507-16. [IDIS 303589] [PubMed 2790182]
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118. Ghany AM, Tutschka PJ, McGhee RB et al. Cyclosporine-associated seizures in bone marrow transplant recipients given busulfan and cyclophosphamide preparative therapy. Transplantation. 1991; 52:310-5. [PubMed 1871805]
119. Fitzsimmons WE, Ghalie R, Kaizer H. Anticonvulsants and busulfan. Ann Int Med. 1990; 112:553.
120. Sureda A, Perez de Oteyza J, Garcia Larana J et al. High-dose busulfan and seizures. Ann Intern Med. 1989; 111:543-4. [IDIS 259092] [PubMed 2774384]
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